Furthermore, the reproductive medicine deals with the issue of cloning. This portion is very controversial and always hotly debated. The goal of cloning here is to create genetically identical organisms with similar characteristics in their total DNA.

If the cloning in agriculture, for example in potato or onion cultivation, already has a long tradition, it is used in human medicine only in recent years. The first cloned mammal was Dolly the sheep, which came in February 2003 to the world.

A very important branch of reproductive medicine, however, the artificial insemination to couples with fertility problems can help deliver a baby. There are different methods, which need to be tailored to the couple. The cost of artificial insemination should be coordinated with the insurance company before treatment, in many cases the cost of paying all or part of your own.

The artificial insemination in the most commonly used method is the Intrazytoplasmische sperm injection (ICSI short). The doctor here carrying the sperm with the help of a tweezer befruchtungsbereite directly into the egg. To increase the chances of reproductive medicine, this is the woman previously treated with hormones. The application of these hormones is not completely without side effects, because they include nausea, difficulty breathing and even cause water retention. Despite the side effects, most couples opt for this method, because it promises more than 30% success.

To benefit from the reproductive medicine for the artificial insemination be eligible, couples must meet several requirements. The couple must be married for this one, the other must be the minimum age at 25 years. The woman must not be over 40 years, the man did not have 45 years.

Because of this specialization and the layman is aware that no surgeon could now work in all areas. He has to choose a subject and learn the surgical method, which corresponds to the state in this field of research and derWissenschaft. Preference is given to the methods of surgery, which have the best long-term results and the lowest complication rates.

Minimally invasive as possible is to operate while the goal of modern surgical methods, but often it is not without the conventional surgical methods, such as the large abdominal incision. A surgical treatment method and is always part of the overall treatment approach, for example in oncology, the interaction of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

In the thoracic surgery and abdominal surgery is often operates nor conventional. But many operations make it today to give up the wide opening of body cavities: the keyhole surgery has long since found recognition as a gentle surgical operation method. With endoscopic devices are minimally invasive procedures performed.

The laparoscopy – mirroring the abdominal cavity – allows the removal of the gallbladder or ovarian cancer diseased women. Hernias also be operated as gently. With Arthroscopy – knee Mirroring – can operate meniscus and cruciate ligament injuries. Also in neurosurgery, the endoscope is used when surgery is performed, for example, a herniated disk and used implants.

The so-called endocrine system or include the pineal gland Endocrinology (located on the underside of the brain), the pituitary gland) (on the base of the skull, thyroid, parathyroid, a certain portion of the pancreas, the adrenal glands and gonads (testes and ovary ).

Endocrinology deals specifically with the diagnosis and treatment of specific diseases. Thyroid disorders are for example over-or under-active thyroid. An overactive parathyroid gland expressed depending on the type of disease due to renal colic, increased urination, diarrhea, cardiac arrhythmias, or bloody stools. In one part of the pancreatic hormone insulin is made. If a prior diabetes mellitus, this patient is a deficiency of the hormone Insulin.

The adrenal glands sit on the kidneys, which is why they have received in this way their names. In the adrenal hormone adrenaline is formed. In the gonads of the male, the testes, testosterone is formed, which for the development of typical male characteristics (eg facial hair, voice breaking) is responsible.

The example (in the ovaries of women educated hormones estrogen) cause others a renewed structure of the endometrium after menstruation. A specialist in endocrinology focuses in particular with these disorders and carries out appropriate therapies. Endocrinologists are both working as doctors in the hospital doctors.

First of all, you should undergo an investigation with regard to the gastric functions, very often, the cause lies in the acidity of the stomach, which causes the unpleasant odor. Also reduced production of saliva can lead to bad breath. On the other hand the one hand, helps special chewing gum, mouth sprays may also special wheels for a short time to neutralize the odor. In very rare cases only surgery can help to remove a special cause of bad breath can.

Even when fully healthy person can develop severe bad breath. For example, after eating garlic, onions, lots of alcohol or heavy cigarette consumption. However, this usually holds only a few hours or days until the body has completely eliminated the ingredients. Here, too, will help only the traditional means. Alternatives are also milk, parsley, cheese or chlorophyll tablets.

One of the most common allergy is to latex allergy. Caused by proteins present in latex products is the form of this allergy is usually caused by inhaling allergens time released but also by direct contact with the skin or organs. As is used especially in the medical field a variety latexhaltiger products, here is for latex allergy, absurdly, the greatest danger. Therefore, latex allergy need to make essential before any known medical treatment, their intolerance to products made of natural rubber.

In addition, latex is found in many products of everyday life. From chewing gum eraser to latex in a variety of common objects is processed.

The symptoms of latex allergy range from skin redness and hives, sneezing and watery eyes, itching, and asthma attacks to cardiac arrhythmias and life-threatening anaphylactic shock.

Despite medical treatment option remains very sensitive for latex allergy sufferers at increased risk. Due to the widespread use of latex products, it is almost impossible to avoid the allergy-causing substances to a sufficient extent. For latex allergy sufferers, specialist support is essential. Even the purchase of a latex-free emergency kit for home use is often financed by health insurance even as the usual facilities of the doctors have not made latex free.

People who suspect a latex allergy in themselves or diagnosed, must take all precautions to keep their living environment as possible to latex. This is accompanied, under certain circumstances even with a change of occupation if those concerned in their professional activities with latexhaltigen objects in contact.

Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty that different diagnostic and therapeutic potential uses, in which radioactive substances are used. At first glance, this sounds very dangerous to, but also used radio-isotopes decay very quickly, so there is no danger to humans.

Nuclear medicine is particularly frequently used to diagnose diseases of the thyroid. Similarly, but also occur in cancer, heart disease and rheumatic diseases in used.

Normally one uses the diagnostic capabilities of nuclear medicine to visualize metabolic processes in the human body. These substances are involved in these events are marked with radiopharmaceuticals and the patient then injected. The radiopharmaceuticals disintegrate while in the body and here give off gamma rays. This in turn is measured by the gamma camera, so the doctor can see how expiring metabolism in the body of the patient.

Particularly at risk are people with very bright, light-sensitive skin color and people who are genetically pre-loaded or during the past were often exposed to intense sunlight without protection – with the sun -.


In the light skin cancer four types are distinguished.
Basal cell carcinoma (Basal) usually occurs in people over 60 years. Very often infested face and forehead. It formed small skin-colored nodules or scaly lichens. These can cause fetal harm when degeneration of the adjacent and deep tissue.

The so-called actinic keratosis is often underestimated, because this form of skin cancer bright in appearance to resemble the age spots. Can from the nodules and warty patches may develop under unfavorable circumstances, a malignant squamous cell carcinoma (squamous cell cancer), which is spread over the entire body.

The Bowen’s disease is the second form of light skin cancer, which is considered the precursor to squamous cell carcinoma. It is similar in appearance of psoriasis and occurs more often in men over 50 years.

All types of light skin cancer have a good chance of recovery, which are – in time of discovery – between 90% and 100%.

In addition to protection against solar radiation should be a regular skin screening. This investigation is performed by the dermatologist (or family doctors with the appropriate additional training) and taken over 35 years by all health insurance companies will) (every two years.

Where a suspicious change in the specialist firm, will require further investigation. In most cases the growth is surgically removed and examined for malignant changes. Other possible methods are cryotherapy (freezing), radiation therapy or chemotherapy (with advanced or inoperable skin tumors) and treatment with specially tuned ointments.

The treatment is always dependent on the type, location and size of the light skin cancer and is individually tailored.

The transmission of foot and mouth disease occurs through contact with infected animals and infected materials of any kind This may include the clothing of people are who have come into contact with animals or tires that have come into contact with feces of infected animals or by other animals that need not itself be infected, the virus has picked up but somewhere in the plains and fields, eg Mice or birds. But even through the air can be a transfer.

Symptoms in all cases, the occurrence of lesions, ulceration (aphthae) in the foot and mouth area, which give the disease its name. They also, however, also affects the udders of infected cows and the heart muscle and therefore leads inevitably to death especially in young animals.

Since the pathogens are very resistant and even after months in infested stables, in the soil and survive other affected localities, extensive disinfection of affected farms imperative.

Although foot and mouth disease may heal and the affected cattle can be prevented by vaccinations, especially the latter constitutes a trade barrier, since the vaccinated animals have antibodies in their blood and thus can not be assured that they are free of Viruses are infectious. Therefore, there is since 1992 a non-vaccination policy in the EU.

Imposed in case of suspected foot and mouth disease has killed livestock and therefore the respective long-range locking and quarantine measures. These often deal with a zone of 3 km around the affected farms, but which may be extended.

The meningioma affecting mainly people from the 40th Age, with women being more affected than men by this type of tumor. While the actual cause of meningioma is still unclear, the most common symptoms are largely unknown, although some of them are obviously very unspecific. The patient suffered mainly from headaches, or function such as visual or hearing impairment. Also epileptic seizures may well be triggered.

The meningioma is in most cases after onset of symptoms and other suspicious circumstances by a study using magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography diagnosis.
Because the tumor often requires a lot of space, it is usually easy to see and diagnose.

Regarding the treatment is primarily surgical removal of the meningioma in the foreground. Alternatively, in some cases, radiotherapy will be carried out.

When a tumor as a disease is of course also always the question about the chances of recovery or of the further prognosis. The very nature of the meningioma in most cases, a benign tumor, the prognosis is very good here. Only about ten percent of all cases in which the tumor has been removed to form new tumors after a few years in this area.

An ultrasound is an ultrasound examination. In the abdominal ultrasonography (including abdominal ultrasonography) is investigated by means of abdominal ultrasound to diseases. This is mainly a question of diseases of liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder and kidney, bladder / prostate and related blood vessels such as determine the abdominal aorta. Diseases of these organs are mostly related to changes in shape, size and / or structure.

With an abdominal ultrasonography for example can Renal cysts, urinary bladder stones, gallstones, etc. are identified. ) Also, the enlargement of the liver and corresponding structural changes resulting from fatty degeneration (eg, alcoholism can by sonography of the abdomen are detected.

Notes for the investigation or the time before: When an ultrasound scan of the abdomen should appear as sober diagnosis. Anyone who has eaten and drunk a lot of sonography, the image quality deteriorates because eg can lead carbonated drinks like Coke, like other foods bloating air in the stomach / intestine, making the subsequent ultrasound image less readable.

The technology behind ultrasound examinations in the abdominal ultrasonography correspond to the principle of all other ultrasound diagnoses also a corresponding transducer sends sound waves through the area to be diagnosed. These sound waves ‘flow through’ the body are distorted, but changed by the various organs /. The altered sound waves are captured by a transducer and resumed. The experienced physician can be on the resulting image anomalies such as larger institutions or similar changes seen.

The patient is to be investigated in the abdominal ultrasound is usually on the back. The investigating body is smeared on the outside with a gel, which facilitates the penetration of ultrasonic waves.

For different perspectives on the organs to be examined, the physician may rotate the mobile / swivel turn and head ultrasound, and thus alter the picture and insight into the abdominal cavity on the monitor.